Abstract:

In the context of growing demand for energy carriers and the development of the petrochemical industry, the relevance of studying the physico-chemical characteristics of oils is increasing, as these properties determine the efficiency of extraction, transportation and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials. The purpose of the article is to conduct a retrospective review of the key physico-chemical properties of oils based on the analysis of literary sources, including classifications, composition and parameters affecting industrial applications. The leading approach is a theoretical analysis of data from reference books, scientific publications and lecture materials on petrochemistry. The results include a generalization of data on density (0.730–1.040 g/cm³), viscosity (1.2–55 cSt at 50°C), elemental composition (carbon 83–87%, hydrogen 11–14%), fractional composition and classifications by sulfur, paraffin and hydrocarbon content. The conclusions emphasize that understanding these characteristics makes it possible to optimize processes in the oil and gas industry, minimize risks and improve product quality, taking into account the regional characteristics of USSR oils and modern trends.

Keywords: oil, physico-chemical properties, Density, viscosity, fractional composition